Question 1

What is PAC liquid and how does it differ from PAC powder?

Accepted Answer

PAC liquid (Poly Aluminium Chloride, 10–11% Al₂O₃) is a pre-dissolved, ready-to-dose coagulant solution, while PAC powder (28–30% Al₂O₃) is a concentrated solid that must be dissolved on-site before dosing. Liquid PAC is preferred for automated dosing systems in large municipal water treatment plants — including PAEW-operated plants in Muscat, Barka, Sohar, and Salalah — because it can be pumped directly from bulk storage tanks via metering pumps without any dissolution step. The liquid form also provides more consistent dosing accuracy. PAC powder is preferred where liquid storage is impractical, such as remote sites or smaller operations with infrequent deliveries.

Question 2

What is the typical dosing rate for PAC liquid in industrial water treatment?

Accepted Answer

Typical PAC liquid dosing rates range from 10–50 mg/L expressed as product (equivalent to 1–5 mg/L as Al₂O₃). For moderate-turbidity raw water (20–100 NTU) in Oman's groundwater and surface water treatment systems, effective doses are usually 15–30 mg/L of product. Industrial wastewater with high suspended solids or emulsified oil may require 50–150 mg/L. The optimum dose is determined by jar testing. Global Chemicals LLC provides jar test support and dosage optimisation as a standard technical service. Dosing is carried out using chemical metering pumps (peristaltic or diaphragm type) sized to the plant flow rate and expected dosage range.

Question 3

Can PAC liquid be used in RO pre-treatment in Oman's desalination plants?

Accepted Answer

Yes. PAC liquid is widely used as a coagulant in the pre-treatment stage of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants in Oman, including the large plants at Ghubrah, Barka, and Sohar that supply Muscat's municipal water. In SWRO pre-treatment, PAC is dosed into the raw seawater ahead of pressure media filtration (sand/anthracite) or ultrafiltration (UF) membranes to remove suspended solids, algal cells, and colloidal matter that would otherwise foul the RO membranes. PAC doses in SWRO pre-treatment are typically low (2–10 mg/L product) to avoid residual aluminium carry-over to the membranes. NSF/ANSI 60 certified grades are required for drinking water applications.

Question 4

What are the storage requirements for PAC liquid in Oman's climate?

Accepted Answer

PAC liquid should be stored in shaded, covered HDPE or FRP tanks away from direct sunlight to minimise temperature-driven degradation. In Oman's summer conditions (ambient temperatures up to 45°C), exposed tanks can reach 50–55°C, accelerating hydrolysis and basicity shift in the PAC solution, which reduces coagulation performance. Ideal storage temperature is below 35°C. Shelf life is typically 6–12 months from manufacture in correct storage conditions. PAC liquid must not be stored near alkalis (caustic soda, lime) as mixing causes immediate precipitation. Global Chemicals LLC supplies PAC liquid with manufacture date and Al₂O₃ assay certificate, and can advise on tank sizing and storage arrangements.

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